The result of a surgery performed upon a body, for example, is quantifiable, as is the verdict of a lawsuit that is brought before the courts, as is the soundness of a highway or a bridge that undergoes construction. In all these cases (in ‘practical’ disciplines), the patient, or the claimant, or the commuter, or what-have-you, knows beforehand what is wanted, and can describe the conditions by which they will or will not see their want met. In other words, the outcomes in these instances are a function of a binary, even if the methods used to arrive at the outcomes vary, and are unpredictable. But the success of an artwork, while measurable, and subject to evaluation, does not lend itself so easily to a description in material terms, and certainly cannot be described by a binary system.